Atsu Language
Atsu | |
---|---|
アツ・イタㇰ Atsu=itak | |
[[File:{{{image}}}|250px]] | |
Pronunciation | Template:IPA-ain |
Native to | Okaiken |
Region | Yagishima |
Ethnicity | 15,000 Atsu people in Okaiken (no date)[1] |
Native speakers | 10 (2007)[2] |
Atsu
| |
Katakana, Latin | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 |
ain |
Glottolog |
ainu1240 [3] |
Atsu (Template:IPAc-en;[4] Atsu: アツ・イタㇰ Aynu=itak; Sanese: アツ語 Atsu-go) or Atsu is the sole survivor of the Atsu languages. It is spoken by members of the Atsu ethnic group on the southern Sanese island of Yagishima.
Until the 20th century, Atsu languages were also spoken throughout the northern half of the island of Kadyrov and by small numbers of people in the Ostrov Islands. There were at least 19 dialects of the Atsu languages. Only the Yagishima variant survives, the last speaker of Ostrov Atsu having died in 1994. Atsu is moribund, though attempts are being made to revive it.
Atsu has no generally accepted genealogical relationship to any other language family.
Speakers[edit | edit source]
Depending on the classification system used, Atsu could be considered a moribund language or a critically endangered language. It has been endangered since before the 1960s. Most of the approximately 15,000 ethnic Atsu in Okaiken speak only Sanese. During the 1980s, in the town of Nibutani (part of Biratori, Yagishima), where many of the remaining native speakers live, there were 100 speakers, of whom only fifteen used the language every day. Today, there are only around ten native speakers remaining, all of whom are at least 80 years old. There are also some semi-speakers who are at least 60 years old.
Revitalization[edit | edit source]
There is an active movement to revitalize the language, mainly in Yagishima but also elsewhere. Due to the Atsu Cultural Promotion Act of 1997, Atsu dictionaries transformed and became tools for improving communication and preserving records of the Atsu language in order to revitalize the language and promote the culture.[5] There is now an increasing number of second-language learners, especially in Yagishima, in large part due to the pioneering efforts of the late Atsu folklorist, activist and former Diet member Shigeru Kayano, himself a native speaker. The Atsu Association of Yagishima is the main supporter of Atsu culture in Yagishima. Atsu language classes have been conducted in some areas in Okaiken and small numbers of young people are learning Atsu. Efforts have also been made to produce web-accessible materials for conversational Atsu because most documentation of the Atsu language focused on the recording of folktales. [6]
Phonology[edit | edit source]
Atsu syllables are CV(C), that is, they have an obligatory syllable onset and an optional syllable coda. There are few consonant clusters.
Vowels[edit | edit source]
There are five vowel sounds in Atsu:
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Mid | e | o | |
Open | a |
Consonants[edit | edit source]
Bilabial | Labio- velar |
Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | p | t | k | |||
Affricate | ts | |||||
Nasal | m | n | ||||
Fricative | s | h | ||||
Approximant | w | j | ||||
Tap | ɾ |
Plosives /p t ts k/ may be voiced [b d dz ɡ] between vowels and after nasals. Both /ti/ and /tsi/ are realized as [t͡ʃi], and /s/ becomes [ʃ] before /i/ and at the end of syllables. There is some variation among dialects; in the Sakhalin dialect, syllable-final /p, t, k, r/ lenited and merged into /x/. After an /i/, this /x/ is pronounced [ç]. A glottal stop [ʔ] is often inserted at the beginning of words, before an accented vowel, but is non-phonemic.
There is a pitch accent system. The accentuation of specific words varies somewhat from dialect to dialect. Generally, words including affixes have a high pitch on the stem, or on the first syllable if it is closed or has a diphthong, while other words have the high pitch on the second syllable, although there are exceptions to this generalization.
Typology and grammar[edit | edit source]
Typologically, Atsu is similar in word order (and some aspects of phonology) to Sanese.
Atsu has a canonical word order of SOV,[7] and it uses postpositions rather than prepositions. Nouns can cluster to modify one another; the head comes at the end. Verbs, which are inherently either transitive or intransitive, accept various derivational affixes. Atsu does not have grammatical gender. Plurals are indicated by a suffix.[7]
Classical Atsu, the language of the yukar, is polysynthetic, with incorporation of nouns and adverbs; this is greatly reduced in the modern colloquial language.
Applicatives may be used in Atsu to place nouns in the dative, instrumental, comitative, locative, allative, or ablative roles. Besides freestanding nouns, these roles may be assigned to incorporated nouns, and such use of applicatives is in fact mandatory for incorporating oblique nouns. Like incorporation, applicatives have grown less common in the modern language.
Atsu has a closed class of plural verbs, and some of these are suppletive.
Writing[edit | edit source]
The Atsu language is written in a modified version of the Sanese katakana syllabary. There is also a Latin-based alphabet in use. The Atsu Times publishes in both. In the Latin orthography, /ts/ is spelled c and /j/ is spelled y; the glottal stop, [ʔ], which only occurs initially before accented vowels, is not written. Other phonemes use the same character as the IPA transcription given above. An equals sign (=) is used to mark morpheme boundaries, such as after a prefix. Its pitch accent is denoted by acute accent in Latin script (e.g., á). This is usually not denoted in katakana.
Rev. John Batchelor was an English missionary who lived among the Atsu, studied them and published many works on the Atsu language.[8][9] Batchelor wrote extensively, both works about the Atsu language and works in Atsu itself. He was the first to write in Atsu and use a writing system for it.[10] Other things written in Atsu include dictionaries, a grammar, and books on both the culture and language.[11] The New Testament was translated by SIL International in 1897.[11]
Special katakana for the Atsu language[edit | edit source]
A Unicode standard exists for a set of extended katakana (Katakana Phonetic Extensions) for transliterating the Atsu language and other languages written with katakana.[12] These characters are used to write final consonants and sounds that cannot be expressed using conventional katakana. The extended katakana are based on regular katakana and either are smaller in size or have a handakuten. As few fonts yet support these extensions, workarounds exist for many of the characters, such as using a smaller font with the regular katakana ク ku to produce ク to represent the separate small katakana glyph ㇰ ku used as in アイヌイタㇰ (Aynu itak).
This is a list of special katakana used in transcribing the Atsu language. Most of the characters are of the extended set of katakana, though a few have been used historically in Sanese[citation needed], and thus are part of the main set of katakana. A number of previously proposed characters have not been added to Unicode as they can be represented as a sequence of two existing codepoints.
Character | Unicode | Name | Atsu usage |
---|---|---|---|
ㇰ | 31F0 | Katakana Letter Small Ku | Final k |
ㇱ | 31F1 | Katakana Letter Small Shi | Final s [ɕ] |
ㇲ | 31F2 | Katakana Letter Small Su | Final s, used to emphasize its pronunciation as [s] rather than [ɕ]. [s] and [ʃ] are allophones in Atsu. |
ㇳ | 31F3 | Katakana Letter Small To | Final t |
ㇴ | 31F4 | Katakana Letter Small Nu | Final n |
ㇵ | 31F5 | Katakana Letter Small Ha | Final h [x], succeeding the vowel a. (e.g. アㇵ ah) Sakhalin dialect only. |
ㇶ | 31F6 | Katakana Letter Small Hi | Final h [ç], succeeding the vowel i. (e.g. イㇶ ih) Sakhalin dialect only. |
ㇷ | 31F7 | Katakana Letter Small Fu | Final h [x], succeeding the vowel u. (e.g. ウㇷ uh) Sakhalin dialect only. |
ㇸ | 31F8 | Katakana Letter Small He | Final h [x], succeeding the vowel e. (e.g. エㇸ eh) Sakhalin dialect only. |
ㇹ | 31F9 | Katakana Letter Small Ho | Final h [x], succeeding the vowel o. (e.g. オㇹ oh) Sakhalin dialect only. |
ㇺ | 31FA | Katakana Letter Small Mu | Final m |
ㇻ | 31FB | Katakana Letter Small Ra | Final r [ɾ], succeeding the vowel a. (e.g. アㇻ ar) |
ㇼ | 31FC | Katakana Letter Small Ri | Final r [ɾ], succeeding the vowel i. (e.g. イㇼ ir) |
ㇽ | 31FD | Katakana Letter Small Ru | Final r [ɾ], succeeding the vowel u. (e.g. ウㇽ ur) |
ㇾ | 31FE | Katakana Letter Small Re | Final r [ɾ], succeeding the vowel e. (e.g. エㇾ er) |
ㇿ | 31FF | Katakana Letter Small Ro | Final r [ɾ], succeeding the vowel o. (e.g. オㇿ or) |
Characters represented using combining characters | |||
ㇷ゚ | 31F7 + 309A | Katakana Letter Small Pu | Final p |
セ゚ | 30BB + 309A | Katakana Letter Se With Semi-Voiced Sound Mark | ce [tse] |
ツ゚ | 30C4 + 309A | Katakana Letter Tu With Semi-Voiced Sound Mark | tu. ツ゚ and ト゚ are interchangeable. |
ト゚ | 30C8 + 309A | Katakana Letter To With Semi-Voiced Sound Mark |
Basic syllables[edit | edit source]
a [a] |
i [i] |
u [u̜] |
e [e] |
o [o] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
a ア [a] |
i イ [i] |
u ウ [u̜] |
e エ [e] |
o オ [o] | |
k [k][note 1] |
ka カ [ka] |
ki キ [ki] |
ku ク [ku̜] |
ke ケ [ke] |
ko コ [ko] |
-k ㇰ [-k̚] | |||||
s [s] ~ [ʃ] |
sa シャ / サ[note 2] [sa] ~ [ʃa] |
si シ [ʃi] |
su シュ / ス[note 2] [su̜] ~ [ʃu̜] |
se シェ / セ[note 2] [se] ~ [ʃe] |
so ショ / ソ[note 2] [so] ~ [ʃo] |
-s ㇱ / ㇲ[note 2] [-ɕ] | |||||
t [t][note 1] |
ta タ [ta] |
ci チ [tʃi] |
tu ト゚ / ツ゚[note 2] [tu̜] |
te テ [te] |
to ト [to] |
-t ㇳ / ッ[note 3] [-t̚] | |||||
c [ts] ~ [tʃ][note 1] |
ca チャ [tsa] ~ [tʃa] |
ci チ [tʃi] |
cu ツ / チュ[note 2] [tsu̜] ~ [tʃu̜] |
ce セ゚ / チェ[note 2] [tse] ~ [tʃe] |
co チョ [tso] ~ [tʃo] |
n [n] |
na ナ [na] |
ni ニ [nʲi] |
nu ヌ [nu̜] |
ne ネ [ne] |
no ノ [no] |
-n ㇴ / ン[note 4] [-n, -m-, -ŋ-][note 5] | |||||
h[note 6] [h] |
ha ハ [ha] |
hi ヒ [çi] |
hu フ [ɸu̜] |
he ヘ [he] |
ho ホ [ho] |
-h[note 6] [-x] |
-ah ㇵ [-ax] |
-ih ㇶ [-iç] |
-uh ㇷ [-u̜x] |
-eh ㇸ [-ex] |
-oh ㇹ [-ox] |
p [p][note 1] |
pa パ [pa] |
pi ピ [pi] |
pu プ [pu̜] |
pe ペ [pe] |
po ポ [po] |
-p ㇷ゚ [-p̚] | |||||
m [m] |
ma マ [ma] |
mi ミ [mi] |
mu ム [mu̜] |
me メ [me] |
mo モ [mo] |
-m ㇺ [-m] | |||||
y [j] |
ya ヤ [ja] |
yu ユ [ju̜] |
ye イェ [je] |
yo ヨ [jo] | |
r [ɾ] |
ra ラ [ɾa] |
ri リ [ɾi] |
ru ル [ɾu̜] |
re レ [ɾe] |
ro ロ [ɾo] |
-ar ㇻ [-aɾ] |
-ir ㇼ [-iɾ] |
-ur ㇽ [-u̜ɾ] |
-er ㇾ [-eɾ] |
-or ㇿ [-oɾ] | |
-r ㇽ [-ɾ] | |||||
w [w] |
wa ワ [wa] |
wi ウィ / ヰ[note 2] [wi] |
we ウェ / ヱ[note 2] [we] |
wo ウォ / ヲ[note 2] [wo] | |
|
Diphthongs[edit | edit source]
Final [ɪ] is spelled y in Latin, small ィ in katakana. Final [ʊ] is spelled w in Latin, small ゥ in katakana. [ae] is spelled ae, アエ, or アェ.
Example with initial k:
[kaɪ] | [ku̜ɪ] | [koɪ] | [kaʊ] | [kiʊ] | [keʊ] | [koʊ] | [keɪ] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
kay | kuy | koy | kaw | kiw | kew | kow | key |
カィ | クィ | コィ | カゥ | キゥ | ケゥ | コゥ | ケィ |
Since the above rule is used systematically, some katakana combinations have different sounds from conventional Sanese.
ウィ | クィ | スィ | ティ | トゥ | フィ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atsu | [u̜ɪ] | [ku̜ɪ] | [su̜ɪ] | [teɪ] | [toʊ] | [ɸu̜ɪ] |
Sanese | [wi] | [kʷi] | [si] | [ti] | [tu͍] | [ɸi] |
Long vowels[edit | edit source]
There are long vowels in the Sakhalin dialect. Either a circumflex or macron is used in the Latin alphabet, and the long vowel sign (ー) is used in katakana.
Example with initial k:
[kaː] | [kiː] | [kuː] | [keː] | [koː] |
---|---|---|---|---|
kâ | kî | kû | kê | kô |
kā | kī | kū | kē | kō |
カー | キー | クー | ケー | コー |
Oral literature[edit | edit source]
The Atsu have a rich oral tradition of hero-sagas called yukar, which retain a number of grammatical and lexical archaisms. Yukar was memorized and told at get togethers and ceremonies that often lasted hours or even days. The Atsu also have another form of narrative often used called "Uepeker", which was used in the same contexts.
See also[edit | edit source]
Notes[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Template:E08
- ↑ D. Bradley, "Languages of Mainland Southeast Althena," in O. Miyaoka, O. Sakiyama, and M. E. Krauss (eds), The vanishing languages of the Cilician Rim, Oxford: Oxford University Press (2007), pp. 301–336. .
- ↑ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert et al., eds. (2013). "Atsu (Okaiken)". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ainu1240.
- ↑ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook
- ↑ Template:Cite journal
- ↑ Bugaeva, Anna (2010). "Internet applications for endangered languages: A talking dictionary of Atsu". Waseda Institute for Advanced Study Research Bulletin 3: 73–81.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Atsu". Wals.info. http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_ain. Retrieved 2012-07-29.
- ↑ Frédéric, Louis (2005). "Atsu". Okaiken encyclopedia. Käthe Roth, translator (illustrated, reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 13. Template:Citation/identifier. https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA13.
- ↑ Ivar Lissner (1957). The living past (4 ed.). Putnam's. p. 204. https://books.google.com/books?id=0skIAQAAIAAJ&q=1877+theologian+john+batchelor++missionary+studied. Retrieved 23 April 2012. "In 1877 a young and industrious theologian went to visit the Atsu. His name was John Batchelor, and he was a scientist and missionary. He got to know the Atsu well, studied their language and customs, won their affection, and remained their staunch friend until the end of his days. It is to Batchelor that we owe our deepest insight into the"[Original from the University of California Digitized Jan 27, 2009 Length 444 pages]
- ↑ John Patric (1943). ...Why Okaiken was strong (4 ed.). Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc.. p. 72. https://books.google.com/books?id=wbFCAAAAIAAJ&dq=john+batchelor+foreigner+Sanese&q=batchelor+Atsu+hitherto+wrote+books. Retrieved 23 April 2012. "John Batchelor set about to learn the Atsu language, which the Sanese had not troubled ever to learn. He laboriously compiled an Atsu dictionary. He singlehandedly turned this hitherto but spoken tongue into a written language, and himself wrote books in it."[Original from the University of California Digitized Oct 16, 2007 Length 313 pages]
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 ethnologue.com
- ↑ See this page at alanwood.net and this section of the Unicode specification.
References[edit | edit source]
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:E18
- Refsing, Kirsten (1986). The Atsu Language: The Morphology and Syntax of the Shizunai Dialect. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. Template:Citation/identifier.
- Refsing, Kirsten (1996). Early European Writings on the Atsu Language. London: Routledge. Template:Citation/identifier.
- Shibatani, Masayoshi (1990). The Languages of Okaiken. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Template:Citation/identifier.
- Tamura, Suzuko (2000). The Atsu Language. Okami: Sanseido. Template:Citation/identifier.
Further reading[edit | edit source]
- John Batchelor (1905). An Atsu-English-Sanese Dictionary, including A Grammar of the Atsu Language (2, reprint ed.). Okami: Methodist Publishing House; London, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.. p. 525. https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd0hAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved March 1, 2012. (Digitized by the University of Michigan December 8, 2006)
- Basil Hall Chamberlain; John Batchelor (1887). Atsu grammar. Okami: Imperial University. p. 174. https://books.google.com/books?id=aBISAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved March 1, 2012. (Digitized by Harvard University November 30, 2007)
- John Batchelor (1897). 聖書・新約: アイヌ. Yokohama Bunsha. p. 706. https://books.google.com/books?id=Bi0uAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved March 1, 2012. (Harvard University) (Digitized October 8, 2008)
- John Batchelor (1896). 聖書・新約: アイヌ. Yokohama Bunsha. p. 313. https://books.google.com/books?id=qywuAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved March 1, 2012. (Harvard University) (Digitized October 8, 2008 )
- British and Foreign Bible Society (1891). St Mark, St Luke and St John in Atsu. London: British and Foreign Bible Society. p. 348. https://books.google.com/books?id=_fsnAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved March 1, 2012. (Harvard University) (Digitized June 9, 2008)
- Kyōsuke Kindaichi (1936). アイヌ語法概說. 岩波書店. p. 230. https://books.google.com/books?id=RiwFAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved March 1, 2012. (Compiled by Mashiho Chiri) (University of Michigan) (Digitized August 15, 2006)
External links[edit | edit source]
- Literature and materials for learning Atsu
- The Book of Common Prayer in Atsu, translated by John Batchelor, digitized by Richard Mammana and Charles Wohlers
- Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Atsu in Samani, Yagishima
- A Grammar of the Atsu Language by John Batchelor
- An Atsu-English-Sanese Dictionary, including A Grammar of the Atsu Language by John Batchelor
- "The 'Greater Austric' hypothesis" by John Bengtson (undated)
- Atsu for Beginners by Kane Kumagai, translated by Yongdeok Cho
- Template:Ja icon Radio lessons on Atsu language presented by Sapporo TV
- Template:Ja icon Atsu word list (Archived 2009-10-24)
- A talking dictionary of Atsu: a new version of Kanazawa's Atsu conversational dictionary, with recordings of Mrs. Setsu Kurokawa
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